From 458120dd40db6b4df55a4e96b650e16798ef06a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cinap_lenrek <cinap_lenrek@localhost>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2011 11:25:13 +0000
Subject: add hg and python

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+\chapter{Using Python on a Macintosh \label{using}}
+\sectionauthor{Bob Savage}{bobsavage@mac.com}
+
+Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to
+Python on any other \UNIX platform, but there are a number of additional
+features such as the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
+
+Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on
+\UNIX{} or Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform
+is no longer supported, starting with Python 2.4. See
+\url{http://www.cwi.nl/\textasciitilde jack/macpython} for installers
+for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.
+
+\section{Getting and Installing MacPython \label{getting-OSX}}
+
+Mac OS X 10.3 comes with Python 2.3 pre-installed by Apple.
+This installation does not come with the IDE and other additions, however,
+so to get these you need to install the \program{MacPython for Panther additions}
+from the MacPython website, \url{http://www.cwi.nl/\textasciitilde jack/macpython}.
+
+For MacPython 2.4, or for any MacPython on earlier releases of Mac OS X,
+you need to install a full distribution from the same website.
+
+What you get after installing is a number of things:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item A \file{MacPython-2.3} folder in your \file{Applications}
+    folder. In here you find the PythonIDE Integrated Development Environment;
+    PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from
+    the Finder; and the Package Manager.
+    
+    \item A fairly standard \UNIX{} commandline Python interpreter in
+    \file{/usr/local/bin/python}, but without the usual
+    \file{/usr/local/lib/python}.
+    
+    \item A framework \file{/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework}, where
+    all the action really is, but which you usually do not have to be aware of.
+\end{itemize}
+
+To uninstall MacPython you can simply remove these three things.
+
+If you use the ``additions'' installer to install on top of an existing
+Apple-Python you will not get the framework and the commandline interpreter,
+as they have been installed by Apple already, in
+\file{/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework} and
+\file{/usr/bin/python}, respectively. You should in principle never modify
+or delete these, as they are Apple-controlled and may be used by Apple- or
+third-party software.
+
+PythonIDE contains an Apple Help Viewer book called "MacPython Help"
+which you can access through its help menu. If you are completely new to
+Python you should start reading the IDE introduction in that document.
+
+If you are familiar with Python on other \UNIX{} platforms you should
+read the section on running Python scripts from the \UNIX{} shell.
+
+\subsection{How to run a Python script}
+
+Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the PythonIDE
+integrated development environment, see section \ref{IDE} and use the Help
+menu when the IDE is running.
+
+If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line
+or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your script.
+Mac OS X comes with a number of standard \UNIX{} command line editors,
+\program{vim} and \program{emacs} among them. If you want a more Mac-like
+editor \program{BBEdit} or \program{TextWrangler} from Bare Bones Software
+(see \url{http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml}) are
+good choices.  \program{AppleWorks} or any other
+word processor that can save files in ASCII is also a possibility, including
+\program{TextEdit} which is included with OS X.
+
+To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
+\file{/usr/local/bin} is in your shell search path. 
+
+To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item Drag it to \program{PythonLauncher}
+    \item Select \program{PythonLauncher} as the default application
+    to open your script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window
+    and double-click it.
+\end{itemize}
+
+PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script is launched.
+Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use its
+Preferences menu to change things globally.
+
+\subsection{Running scripts with a GUI \label{osx-gui-scripts}}
+
+There is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to be aware of: programs
+that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words, anything that has a GUI)
+need to be run in a special way. Use \program{pythonw} instead of \program{python}
+to start such scripts.
+
+\subsection{configuration}
+
+MacPython honours all standard \UNIX{} environment variables such as
+\envvar{PYTHONPATH}, but setting these variables for programs started
+from the Finder is non-standard
+as the Finder does not read your \file{.profile} or \file{.cshrc} at startup.
+You need to create a file \file{\textasciitilde /.MacOSX/environment.plist}.
+See Apple's Technical Document QA1067 for details.
+
+Installing additional Python packages is most easily done through the
+Package Manager, see the MacPython Help Book for details.
+
+
+\section{The IDE\label{IDE}}
+
+The \program{Python IDE} (Integrated Development Environment) is a
+separate application that acts as a text editor for your Python code,
+a class browser, a graphical debugger, and more.
+
+The online Python Help contains a quick walkthrough of the IDE that
+shows the major features and how to use them.
+
+\subsection{Using the ``Python Interactive'' window}
+
+Use this window like you would use a normal \UNIX{} command line
+interpreter.
+
+\subsection{Writing a Python Script \label{IDEwrite}}
+
+In addition to using the \program{Python IDE} interactively, you can
+also type out a complete Python program, saving it incrementally, and
+execute it or smaller selections of it.
+
+You can create a new script, open a previously saved script, and save
+your currently open script by selecting the appropriate item in the
+``File'' menu. Dropping a Python script onto the
+\program{Python IDE} will open it for editing.
+
+When the \program{Python IDE} saves a script, it uses the creator code
+settings which are available by clicking on the small black triangle
+on the top right of the document window, and selecting ``save
+options''. The default is to save the file with the \program{Python
+IDE} as the creator, this means that you can open the file for editing
+by simply double-clicking on its icon. You might want to change this
+behaviour so that it will be opened by the
+\program{PythonLauncher}, and run. To do this simply choose
+``PythonLauncher'' from the ``save options''. Note that these
+options are associated with the \emph{file} not the application.
+
+
+\subsection{Executing a script from within the IDE
+            \label{IDEexecution}}
+
+You can run the script in the frontmost window of the \program{Python
+IDE} by hitting the run all button.  You should be aware, however that
+if you use the Python convention \samp{if __name__ == "__main__":} the
+script will \emph{not} be ``__main__'' by default. To get that
+behaviour you must select the ``Run as __main__'' option from the
+small black triangle on the top right of the document window.  Note
+that this option is associated with the \emph{file} not the
+application. It \emph{will} stay active after a save, however; to shut
+this feature off simply select it again.
+ 
+
+\subsection{``Save as'' versus ``Save as Applet''
+            \label{IDEapplet}}
+
+When you are done writing your Python script you have the option of
+saving it as an ``applet'' (by selecting ``Save as applet'' from the
+``File'' menu). This has a significant advantage in that you can drop
+files or folders onto it, to pass them to the applet the way
+command-line users would type them onto the command-line to pass them
+as arguments to the script. However, you should make sure to save the
+applet as a separate file, do not overwrite the script you are
+writing, because you will not be able to edit it again.
+
+Accessing the items passed to the applet via ``drag-and-drop'' is done
+using the standard \member{sys.argv} mechanism. See the general
+documentation for more
+% need to link to the appropriate place in non-Mac docs
+
+Note that saving a script as an applet will not make it runnable on a
+system without a Python installation.
+
+%\subsection{Debugger}
+% **NEED INFO HERE**
+ 
+%\subsection{Module Browser}
+% **NEED INFO HERE**
+ 
+%\subsection{Profiler}
+% **NEED INFO HERE**
+% end IDE
+
+%\subsection{The ``Scripts'' menu}
+% **NEED INFO HERE**
+
+\section{The Package Manager}
+
+Historically MacPython came with a number of useful extension packages
+included, because most Macintosh users do not have access to a development
+environment and C compiler. For Mac OS X that bundling is no longer done,
+but a new mechanism has been made available to allow easy access to
+extension packages.
+
+The Python Package Manager helps you installing additional packages
+that enhance Python. It determines the exact MacOS version  and Python
+version you have and uses that information to download  a database that
+has packages that are tested and tried on that combination. In other
+words: if something is in your Package Manager  window but does not work
+you are free to blame the database maintainer.
+
+PackageManager then checks which of the packages you have installed  and
+which ones are not. This should also work when you have installed packages 
+outside of PackageManager.  You can select packages and install them,
+and PackageManager will work out the requirements and install these too.
+
+Often PackageManager will list a package in two flavors: binary  and
+source. Binary should always work, source will only work if  you have
+installed the Apple Developer Tools. PackageManager will warn  you about
+this, and also about other external dependencies.
+
+PackageManager is available as a separate application and also  as a
+function of the IDE, through the File->Package Manager menu  entry.
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