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| author | cinap_lenrek <cinap_lenrek@gmx.de> | 2012-06-06 22:28:48 +0200 |
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| committer | cinap_lenrek <cinap_lenrek@gmx.de> | 2012-06-06 22:28:48 +0200 |
| commit | 1bbdbb2828dc3642df0b452ef9d1685dc278ae79 (patch) | |
| tree | 437db5fe8333ebd061d0edc72e5caef293170670 /sys/doc/sam | |
| parent | 1ffd5f9af1ee4c870346a482fee2dc2d9314dba4 (diff) | |
/sys/doc: remove autogenerated postscript files
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| -rw-r--r-- | sys/doc/sam/sam.tut.out | 4863 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | sys/doc/sam/sam0.png | bin | 38692 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | sys/doc/sam/sam1.png | bin | 19764 -> 0 bytes | |||
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diff --git a/sys/doc/sam/sam.html b/sys/doc/sam/sam.html deleted file mode 100644 index e7bda43b6..000000000 --- a/sys/doc/sam/sam.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3705 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" -"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<head> -<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf8"> -<title>The Text Editor sam</title> -</meta> -</head> -<body> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.50in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.21in"></p> - -<p style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center;"> -<span style="font-size: 12pt"><b>The Text Editor </b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 12pt"><b></b></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.21in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Rob Pike</i></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>rob@plan9.bell-labs.com</i></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.33in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>ABSTRACT</i></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.19in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.50in; text-indent: 0.50in; margin-right: 1.50in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is an interactive multi-file text editor intended for -bitmap displays. -A textual command language -supplements the mouse-driven, cut-and-paste interface -to make complex or -repetitive editing tasks easy to specify. -The language is characterized by the composition of regular expressions -to describe the structure of the text being modified. -The treatment of files as a database, with changes logged -as atomic transactions, guides the implementation and -makes a general ‘undo’ mechanism straightforward. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.50in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.50in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is implemented as two processes connected by a low-bandwidth stream, -one process handling the display and the other the editing -algorithms. Therefore it can run with the display process -in a bitmap terminal and the editor on a local host, -with both processes on a bitmap-equipped host, or with -the display process in the terminal and the editor in a -remote host. -By suppressing the display process, -it can even run without a bitmap terminal. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.50in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.50in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">This paper is reprinted from Software—Practice and Experience, -Vol 17, number 11, pp. 813-845, November 1987. -The paper has not been updated for the Plan 9 manuals. Although -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has not changed much since the paper was written, the system around it certainly has. -Nonetheless, the description here still stands as the best introduction to the editor. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.50in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Introduction -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is an interactive text editor that combines cut-and-paste interactive editing with -an unusual command language based on the composition of regular expressions. -It is written as two programs: one, the ‘host part,’ runs on a UNIX system -and implements the command language and provides file access; the other, the -‘terminal part,’ runs asynchronously -on a machine with a mouse and bitmap display -and supports the display and interactive editing. -The host part may be even run in isolation on an ordinary terminal -to edit text using the command -language, much like a traditional line editor, -without assistance from a mouse or display. -Most often, -the terminal part runs on a Blit<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> terminal -(actually on a Teletype DMD 5620, the production version of the Blit), whose -host connection is an ordinary 9600 bps RS232 link; -on the SUN computer the host and display processes run on a single machine, -connected by a pipe. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -edits uninterpreted -ASCII text. -It has no facilities for multiple fonts, graphics or tables, -unlike MacWrite,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> Bravo,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> Tioga<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">4</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or Lara.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Also unlike them, it has a rich command language. -(Throughout this paper, the phrase -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>command language -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">refers to -textual commands; commands activated from the mouse form the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>mouse</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>language.</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -developed as an editor for use by programmers, and tries to join -the styles of the UNIX text editor -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">6,7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -with that of interactive cut-and-paste editors by -providing a comfortable mouse-driven interface -to a program with a solid command language driven by regular expressions. -The command language developed more than the mouse language, and -acquired a notation for describing the structure of files -more richly than as a sequence of lines, -using a dataflow-like syntax for specifying changes. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The interactive style was influenced by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -an early cut-and-paste editor for the Blit, and by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -the Blit window system. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -merges the original Blit window system, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mpx</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -with cut-and-paste editing, forming something like a -multiplexed version of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that edits the output of (and input to) command sessions rather than files. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The first part of this paper describes the command language, then the mouse -language, and explains how they interact. -That is followed by a description of the implementation, -first of the host part, then of the terminal part. -A principle that influenced the design of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is that it should have no explicit limits, such as upper limits on -file size or line length. -A secondary consideration is that it be efficient. -To honor these two goals together requires a method for efficiently -manipulating -huge strings (files) without breaking them into lines, -perhaps while making thousands of changes -under control of the command language. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -method is to -treat the file as a transaction database, implementing changes as atomic -updates. These updates may be unwound easily to ‘undo’ changes. -Efficiency is achieved through a collection of caches that minimizes -disc traffic and data motion, both within the two parts of the program -and between them. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The terminal part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is fairly straightforward. -More interesting is how the two halves of the editor stay -synchronized when either half may initiate a change. -This is achieved through a data structure that organizes the -communications and is maintained in parallel by both halves. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The last part of the paper chronicles the writing of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and discusses the lessons that were learned through its development and use. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The paper is long, but is composed largely of two papers of reasonable length: -a description of the user interface of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and a discussion of its implementation. -They are combined because the implementation is strongly influenced by -the user interface, and vice versa. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Interface -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a text editor for multiple files. -File names may be provided when it is invoked: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>sam file1 file2 ...</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">and there are commands -to add new files and discard unneeded ones. -Files are not read until necessary -to complete some command. -Editing operations apply to an internal copy -made when the file is read; the UNIX file associated with the copy -is changed only by an explicit command. -To simplify the discussion, the internal copy is here called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>file</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -while the disc-resident original is called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>disc file. -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is usually connected to a bitmap display that presents a cut-and-paste -editor driven by the mouse. -In this mode, the command language is still available: -text typed in a special window, called the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>window,</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is interpreted -as commands to be executed in the current file. -Cut-and-paste editing may be used in any window — even in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window to construct commands. -The other mode of operation, invoked by starting -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -with the option -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(for ‘no download’), -does not use the mouse or bitmap display, but still permits -editing using the textual command language, even on an ordinary terminal, -interactively or from a script. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The following sections describe first the command language (under -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam\fP-d -and in the -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt> -window), and then the mouse interface. -These two languages are nearly independent, but connect through the -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>current</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt> -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>text,</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt> -described below. -</tt></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Command Language -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A file consists of its contents, which are an array of characters -(that is, a string); the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>name</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of the associated disc file; the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>modified bit -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">that states whether the contents match those of -the disc file; -and a substring of the contents, called the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>current text -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>dot</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(see Figures 1 and 2). -If the current text is a null string, dot falls between characters. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>value</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of dot is the location of the current text; the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>contents</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of dot are the characters it contains. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -imparts to the text no two-dimensional interpretation such as columns -or fields; text is always one-dimensional. -Even the idea of a ‘line’ of text as understood by most UNIX programs -— a sequence of characters terminated by a newline character — -is only weakly supported. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>current file -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">is the file to which editing commands refer. -The current text is therefore dot in the current file. -If a command doesn’t explicitly name a particular file or piece of text, -the command is assumed to apply to the current text. -For the moment, ignore the presence of multiple files and consider -editing a single file. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="fig1.gif" /></center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 1. A typical -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -screen, with the editing menu presented. -The -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -(command language) window is in the middle, with file windows above and below. -(The user interface makes it easy to create these abutting windows.) -The partially obscured window is a third file window. -The uppermost window is that to which typing and mouse operations apply, -as indicated by its heavy border. -Each window has its current text highlighted in reverse video. -The -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -window’s current text is the null string on the last visible line, -indicated by a vertical bar. -See also Figure 2. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Commands have one-letter names. -Except for non-editing commands such as writing -the file to disc, most commands make some change -to the text in dot and leave dot set to the text resulting from the change. -For example, the delete command, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -deletes the text in dot, replacing it by the null string and setting dot -to the result. -The change command, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -replaces dot by text delimited by an arbitrary punctuation character, -conventionally -a slash. Thus, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>c/Peter/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces the text in dot by the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Similarly, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>a/Peter/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(append) adds the string after dot, and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>i/Peter/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(insert) inserts before dot. -All three leave dot set to the new text, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Newlines are part of the syntax of commands: -the newline character lexically terminates a command. -Within the inserted text, however, newlines are never implicit. -But since it is often convenient to insert multiple lines of text, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a special -syntax for that case: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>a</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>some lines of text</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>to be inserted in the file,</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>terminated by a period</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>on a line by itself</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>.</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">In the one-line syntax, a newline character may be specified by a C-like -escape, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>c/\n/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces dot by a single newline character. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -also has a substitute command, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>s</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>s/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>replacement</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">substitutes the replacement text for the first match, in dot, -of the regular expression. -Thus, if dot is the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the command -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>s/t/st/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">changes it to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Pester</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -In general, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>s</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is unnecessary, but it was inherited from -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and it has some convenient variations. -For instance, the replacement text may include the matched text, -specified by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>&</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>s/Peter/Oh, &, &, &, &!/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">There are also three commands that apply programs -to text: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>< </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>UNIX program</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces dot by the output of the UNIX program. -Similarly, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>></tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command -runs the program with dot as its standard input, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>|</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -does both. For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>| sort</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces dot by the result of applying the standard sorting utility to it. -Again, newlines have no special significance for these -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands. -The text acted upon and resulting from these commands is not necessarily -bounded by newlines, although for connection with UNIX programs, -newlines may be necessary to obey conventions. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">One more command: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>p</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -prints the contents of dot. -Table I summarizes -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -commands. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="sam0.png"></center> -</center> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The value of dot may be changed by -specifying an -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>address</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -for the command. -The simplest address is a line number: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>3</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">refers to the third line of the file, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>3d</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">deletes the third line of the file, and implicitly renumbers -the lines so the old line 4 is now numbered 3. -(This is one of the few places where -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -deals with lines directly.) -Line -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>0</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is the null string at the beginning of the file. -If a command consists of only an address, a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>p</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command is assumed, so typing an unadorned -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>3</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -prints line 3 on the terminal. -There are a couple of other basic addresses: -a period addresses dot itself; and -a dollar sign -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>$</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -addresses the null string at the end of the file. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">An address is always a single substring of the file. -Thus, the address -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>3</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -addresses the characters -after the second newline of -the file through the third newline of the file. -A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>compound address -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">is constructed by the comma operator -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>address1</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>,</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>address2</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">and addresses the substring of the file from the beginning of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>address1</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to the end of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>address2</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -For example, the command -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>3,5p</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -prints the third through fifth lines of the file and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.,$d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -deletes the text from the beginning of dot to the end of the file. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">These addresses are all absolute positions in the file, but -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -also has relative addresses, indicated by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>$-3</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">is the third line before the end of the file and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>.+1</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">is the line after dot. -If no address appears to the left of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -dot is assumed; -if nothing appears to the right, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>1</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is assumed. -Therefore, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.+1</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -may be abbreviated to just a plus sign. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -operator acts relative to the end of its first argument, while the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -operator acts relative to the beginning. Thus -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.+1</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -addresses the first line after dot, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -addresses the first line before dot, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -refers to the line containing the end of dot. (Dot may span multiple lines, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -selects the line after the end of dot, then -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -backs up one line.) -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The final type of address is a regular expression, which addresses the -text matched by the expression. The expression is enclosed in slashes, as in -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The expressions are the same as those in the UNIX program -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">6,7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and include closures, alternations, and so on. -They find the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>leftmost longest -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">string that matches the expression, that is, -the first match after the point where the search is started, -and if more than one match begins at the same spot, the longest such match. -(I assume familiarity with the syntax for regular expressions in UNIX programs.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">9</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/x/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">matches the next -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -character in the file, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/xx*/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">matches the next run of one or more -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s, -and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/x|Peter/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">matches the next -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -For compatibility with other UNIX programs, the ‘any character’ operator, -a period, -does not match a newline, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/.*/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">matches the text from dot to the end of the line, but excludes the newline -and so will not match across -the line boundary. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Regular expressions are always relative addresses. -The direction is forwards by default, -so -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>/Peter/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is really an abbreviation for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+/Peter/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The search can be reversed with a minus sign, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>-/Peter/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">finds the first -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -before dot. -Regular expressions may be used with other address forms, so -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>0+/Peter/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -finds the first -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in the file and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>$-/Peter/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -finds the last. -Table II summarizes -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -addresses. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="sam1.png"></center> -</center> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The language discussed so far will not seem novel -to people who use UNIX text editors -such as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>vi</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">9</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Moreover, the kinds of editing operations these commands allow, with the exception -of regular expressions and line numbers, -are clearly more conveniently handled by a mouse-based interface. -Indeed, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -mouse language (discussed at length below) is the means by which -simple changes are usually made. -For large or repetitive changes, however, a textual language -outperforms a manual interface. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Imagine that, instead of deleting just one occurrence of the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -we wanted to eliminate every -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -What’s needed is an iterator that runs a command for each occurrence of some -text. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -iterator is called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -for extract: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>x/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/ </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>command</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">finds all matches in dot of the specified expression, and for each -such match, sets dot to the text matched and runs the command. -So to delete all the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peters:</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>0,$ x/Peter/ d</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(Blanks in these examples are to improve readability; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -neither requires nor interprets them.) -This searches the entire file -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>0,$</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -for occurrences of the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and runs the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command with dot set to each such occurrence. -(By contrast, the comparable -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command would delete all -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>lines</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -containing -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -deletes only the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peters</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">.) -The address -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>0,$</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is commonly used, and may be abbreviated to just a comma. -As another example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/Peter/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">prints a list of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peters,</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -one for each appearance in the file, with no intervening text (not even newlines -to separate the instances). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Of course, the text extracted by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -may be selected by a regular expression, -which complicates deciding what set of matches is chosen — -matches may overlap. This is resolved by generating the matches -starting from the beginning of dot using the leftmost-longest rule, -and searching for each match starting from the end of the previous one. -Regular expressions may also match null strings, but a null match -adjacent to a non-null match is never selected; at least one character -must intervene. -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, c/AAA/</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>x/B*/ c/-/</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">produces as output -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>-A-A-A-</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">because the pattern -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>B*</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -matches the null strings separating the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>A</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command has a complement, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -with similar syntax, that executes the command with dot set to the text -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>between</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -the matches of the expression. -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, c/AAA/</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>y/A/ c/-/</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">produces the same result as the example above. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands are looping constructs, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a pair of conditional commands to go with them. -They have similar syntax: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>g/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/ </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>command</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(guard) -runs the command exactly once if dot contains a match of the expression. -This is different from -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which runs the command for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>each</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -match: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -loops; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -merely tests, without changing the value of dot. -Thus, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/Peter/ d</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">deletes all occurrences of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -but -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, g/Peter/ d</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">deletes the whole file (reduces it to a null string) if -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -occurs anywhere in the text. -The complementary conditional is -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>v</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which runs the command if there is -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>no</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -match of the expression. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">These control-structure-like commands may be composed to construct more -involved operations. For example, to print those lines of text that -contain the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/.*\n/ g/Peter/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -breaks the file into lines, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -selects those lines containing -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>p</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -prints them. -This command gives an address for the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command (the whole file), but because -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -does not have an explicit address, it applies to the value of -dot produced by the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, that is, to each line. -All commands in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -except for the command to write a file to disc use dot for the -default address. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Composition may be continued indefinitely. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/.*\n/ g/Peter/ v/SaltPeter/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">prints those lines containing -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Peter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -but -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>not</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -those containing -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>SaltPeter</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Structural Regular Expressions -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Unlike other UNIX text editors, -including the non-interactive ones such as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>awk</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is good for manipulating files with multi-line ‘records.’ -An example is an on-line phone book composed of records, -separated by blank lines, of the form -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>Herbert Tic</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>44 Turnip Ave., Endive, NJ</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>201-5555642</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.15in"></p> - -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>Norbert Twinge</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>16 Potato St., Cabbagetown, NJ</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>201-5553145</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.15in"></p> - -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>...</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The format may be encoded as a regular expression: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>(.+\n)+</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">that is, a sequence of one or more non-blank lines. -The command to print Mr. Tic’s entire record is then -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/(.+\n)+/ g/^Herbert Tic$/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">and that to extract just the phone number is -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/(.+\n)+/ g/^Herbert Tic$/ x/^[0-9]*-[0-9]*\n/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The latter command breaks the file into records, -chooses Mr. Tic’s record, -extracts the phone number from the record, -and finally prints the number. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A more involved problem is that of -renaming a particular variable, say -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>num</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in a C program. -The obvious first attempt, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/n/ c/num/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">is badly flawed: it changes not only the variable -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -but any letter -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that appears. -We need to extract all the variables, and select those that match -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and only -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, x/[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*/ g/n/ v/../ c/num/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The pattern -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -matches C identifiers. -Next -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g/n/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -selects those containing an -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Then -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>v/../</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -rejects those containing two (or more) characters, and finally -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>c/num/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -changes the remainder (identifiers -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>num</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -This version clearly works much better, but there may still be problems. -For example, in C character and string constants, the sequence -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is interpreted as a newline character, and we don’t want to change it to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\num.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -This problem can be forestalled with a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>, y/\\n/ x/[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*/ g/n/ v/../ c/num/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(the second -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is necessary because of lexical conventions in regular expressions), -or we could even reject character constants and strings outright: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>,y/’[^’]*’/ y/"[^"]*"/ x/[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*/ g/n/ v/../ c/num/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands in this version exclude from consideration all character constants -and strings. -The only remaining problem is to deal with the possible occurrence of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\’</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\"</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -within these sequences, but it’s easy to see how to resolve this difficulty. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The point of these composed commands is successive refinement. -A simple version of the command is tried, and if it’s not good enough, -it can be honed by adding a clause or two. -(Mistakes can be undone; see below. -Also, the mouse language makes it unnecessary to retype the command each time.) -The resulting chains of commands are somewhat reminiscent of -shell pipelines.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Unlike pipelines, though, which pass along modified -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>data</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands pass a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>view</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of the data. -The text at each step of the command is the same, but which pieces -are selected is refined step by step until the correct piece is -available to the final step of the command line, which ultimately makes the change. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">In other UNIX programs, regular expressions are used only for selection, -as in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, never for extraction as in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command. -For example, patterns in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>awk</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are used to select lines to be operated on, but cannot be used -to describe the format of the input text, or to handle newline-free text. -The use of regular expressions to describe the structure of a piece -of text rather than its contents, as in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, -has been given a name: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>structural regular expressions. -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">When they are composed, as in the above example, -they are pleasantly expressive. -Their use is discussed at greater length elsewhere.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Multiple files -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a few other commands, mostly relating to input and output. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>e discfilename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces the contents and name of the current file with those of the named -disc file; -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>w discfilename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">writes the contents to the named disc file; and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>r discfilename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">replaces dot with the contents of the named disc file. -All these commands use the current file’s name if none is specified. -Finally, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>f discfilename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">changes the name associated with the file and displays the result: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>’-. discfilename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">This output is called the file’s -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>menu line, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">because it is the contents of the file’s line in the button 3 menu (described -in the -next section). -The first three characters are a concise notation for the state of the file. -The apostrophe signifies that the file is modified. -The minus sign indicates the number of windows -open on the file (see the next section): -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -means none, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -means one, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>*</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -means more than one. -Finally, the period indicates that this is the current file. -These characters are useful for controlling the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>X</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, described shortly. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -may be started with a set of disc files (such as all the source for -a program) by invoking it with a list of file names as arguments, and -more may be added or deleted on demand. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>B discfile1 discfile2 ...</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">adds the named files to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -list, and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>D discfile1 discfile2 ...</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">removes them from -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -memory (without effect on associated disc files). -Both these commands have a syntax for using the shell<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(the UNIX command interpreter) to generate the lists: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>B <echo *.c</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">will add all C source files, and -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>B <grep -l variable *.c</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">will add all C source files referencing a particular variable -(the UNIX command -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>grep\fP-l -lists all files in its arguments that contain matches of -the specified regular expression). -Finally, -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>D</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt> -without arguments deletes the current file. -</tt></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">There are two ways to change which file is current: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>b filename</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">makes the named file current. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>B</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command -does the same, but also adds any new files to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -list. -(In practice, of course, the current file -is usually chosen by mouse actions, not by textual commands.) -The other way is to use a form of address that refers to files: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>"</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>" </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>address</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">refers to the address evaluated in the file whose menu line -matches the expression (there must be exactly one match). -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>"peter.c" 3</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">refers to the third line of the file whose name matches -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>peter.c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -This is most useful in the move -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>m</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -and copy -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>t</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -commands: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>0,$ t "peter.c" 0</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">makes a copy of the current file at the beginning of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>peter.c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>X</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command -is a looping construct, like -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -that refers to files instead of strings: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>X/</tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>expression</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>/ </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>command</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">runs the command in all -files whose menu lines match the expression. The best example is -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>X/’/ w</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">which writes to disc all modified files. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Y</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is the complement of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>X</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -it runs the command on all files whose menu lines don’t match the expression: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>Y/\.c/ D</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">deletes all files that don’t have -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in their names, that is, it keeps all C source files and deletes the rest. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Braces allow commands to be grouped, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>command1</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> </tt></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><i>command2</i></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt></tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">is syntactically a single command that runs two commands. -Thus, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>X/\.c/ ,g/variable/ {</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> f</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> , x/.*\n/ g/variable/ p</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">finds all occurrences of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>variable</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in C source files, and prints -out the file names and lines of each match. -The precise semantics of compound operations is discussed in the implementation -sections below. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Finally, -the undo command, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>u</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -undoes the last command, -no matter how many files were affected. -Multiple undo operations move further back in time, so -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>u</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>u</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(which may be abbreviated -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>u2</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -undoes the last two commands. An undo may not be undone, however, nor -may any command that adds or deletes files. -Everything else is undoable, though, including for example -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>e</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>e filename</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>u</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">restores the state of the file completely, including its name, dot, -and modified bit. Because of the undo, potentially dangerous commands -are not guarded by confirmations. Only -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>D</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which destroys the information necessary to restore itself, is protected. -It will not delete a modified file, but a second -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>D</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of the same file will succeed regardless. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>q</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, which exits -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -is similarly guarded. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Mouse Interface -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is most commonly run -connected to a bitmap display and mouse for interactive editing. -The only difference in the command language -between regular, mouse-driven -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam\fP-d -is that if an address -is provided without a command, -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam\fP-d -will print the text referenced by the address, but -regular -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt> -will highlight it on the screen — in fact, -dot is always highlighted (see Figure 2). -</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="fig3.gif" /></center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 2. A -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -window. The scroll bar down the left -represents the file, with the bubble showing the fraction -visible in the window. -The scroll bar may be manipulated by the mouse for convenient browsing. -The current text, -which is highlighted, need not fit on a line. Here it consists of one partial -line, one complete line, and final partial line. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Each file may have zero or more windows open on the display. -At any time, only one window in all of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>current window, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">that is, the window to which typing and mouse actions refer; -this may be the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window (that in which commands may be typed) -or one of the file windows. -When a file has multiple windows, the image of the file in each window -is always kept up to date. -The current file is the last file affected by a command, -so if the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window is current, -the current window is not a window on the current file. -However, each window on a file has its own value of dot, -and when switching between windows on a single file, -the file’s value of dot is changed to that of the window. -Thus, flipping between windows behaves in the obvious, convenient way. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The mouse on the Blit has three buttons, numbered left to right. -Button 3 has a list of commands to manipulate windows, -followed by a list of ‘menu lines’ exactly as printed by the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>f</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, one per file (not one per window). -These menu lines are sorted by file name. -If the list is long, the Blit menu software will make it more manageable -by generating a scrolling menu instead of an unwieldy long list. -Using the menu to select a file from the list makes that file the current -file, and the most recently current window in that file the current window. -But if that file is already current, selecting it in the menu cycles through -the windows on the file; this simple trick avoids a special menu to -choose windows on a file. -If there is no window open on the file, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -changes the mouse cursor to prompt the user to create one. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The commands on the button 3 menu are straightforward (see Figure 3), and -are like the commands to manipulate windows in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -the Blit’s window system. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>New</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -makes a new file, and gives it one empty window, whose size is determined -by a rectangle swept by the mouse. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Zerox</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -prompts for a window to be selected, and -makes a clone of that window; this is how multiple windows are created on one file. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Reshape</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -changes the size of the indicated window, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>close</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -deletes it. If that is the last window open on the file, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>close</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -first does a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>D</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command on the file. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Write</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is identical to a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>w</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command on the file; it is in the menu purely for convenience. -Finally, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>~~sam~~</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a menu item that appears between the commands and the file names. -Selecting it makes the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window the current window, -causing subsequent typing to be interpreted as commands. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="fig2.gif" /></center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 3. The menu on button 3. -The black rectangle on the left is a scroll bar; the menu is limited to -the length shown to prevent its becoming unwieldy. -Above the -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>~~sam~~</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -line is a list of commands; -beneath it is a list of files, presented exactly as with the -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>f</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -command. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">When -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -requests that a window be swept, in response to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>new</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>zerox</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>reshape</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -it changes the mouse cursor from the usual arrow to a box with -a small arrow. -In this state, the mouse may be used to indicate an arbitrary rectangle by -pressing button 3 at one corner and releasing it at the opposite corner. -More conveniently, -button 3 may simply be clicked, -whereupon -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -creates the maximal rectangle that contains the cursor -and abuts the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window. -By placing the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window in the middle of the screen, the user can define two regions (one above, -one below) in which stacked fully-overlapping -windows can be created with minimal fuss (see Figure 1). -This simple user interface trick makes window creation noticeably easier. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The cut-and-paste editor is essentially the same as that in Smalltalk-80.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">11</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The text in dot is always highlighted on the screen. -When a character is typed it replaces dot, and sets dot to the null -string after the character. Thus, ordinary typing inserts text. -Button 1 is used for selection: -pressing the button, moving the mouse, and lifting the button -selects (sets dot to) the text between the points where the -button was pressed and released. -Pressing and releasing at the same point selects a null string; this -is called clicking. Clicking twice quickly, or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>double clicking, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">selects larger objects; -for example, double clicking in a word selects the word, -double clicking just inside an opening bracket selects the text -contained in the brackets (handling nested brackets correctly), -and similarly for -parentheses, quotes, and so on. -The double-clicking rules reflect a bias toward -programmers. -If -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -were intended more for word processing, double-clicks would probably -select linguistic structures such as sentences. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">If button 1 is pressed outside the current window, it makes the indicated -window current. -This is the easiest way to switch between windows and files. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Pressing button 2 brings up a menu of editing functions (see Figure 4). -These mostly apply to the selected text: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>cut</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -deletes the selected text, and remembers it in a hidden buffer called the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>snarf buffer, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>paste</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -replaces the selected text by the contents of the snarf buffer, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>snarf</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -just copies the selected text to the snarf buffer, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>look</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -searches forward for the next literal occurrence of the selected text, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt><mux></tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -exchanges snarf buffers with the window system in which -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is running. -Finally, the last regular expression used appears as a menu entry -to search -forward for the next occurrence of a match for the expression. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="fig4.gif" /></center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 4. The menu on button 2. -The bottom entry tracks the most recently used regular expression, which may -be literal text. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The relationship between the command language and the mouse language is -entirely due to the equality of dot and the selected text chosen -with button 1 on the mouse. -For example, to make a set of changes in a C subroutine, dot can be -set by double clicking on the left brace that begins the subroutine, -which sets dot for the command language. -An address-free command then typed in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window will apply only to the text between the opening and closing -braces of the function. -The idea is to select what you want, and then say what you want -to do with it, whether invoked by a menu selection or by a typed command. -And of course, the value of dot is highlighted on -the display after the command completes. -This relationship between mouse interface and command language -is clumsy to explain, but comfortable, even natural, in practice. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Implementation -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The next few sections describe how -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is put together, first the host part, -then the inter-component communication, -then the terminal part. -After explaining how the command language is implemented, -the discussion follows (roughly) the path of a character -from the temporary file on disc to the screen. -The presentation centers on the data structures, -because that is how the program was designed and because -the algorithms are easy to provide, given the right data -structures. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Parsing and execution -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The command language is interpreted by parsing each command with a -table-driven recursive -descent parser, and when a complete command is assembled, invoking a top-down -executor. -Most editors instead employ a simple character-at-a-time -lexical scanner. -Use of a parser makes it -easy and unambiguous to detect when a command is complete, -which has two advantages. -First, escape conventions such as backslashes to quote -multiple-line commands are unnecessary; if the command isn’t finished, -the parser keeps reading. For example, a multiple-line append driven by an -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command is straightforward: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>x/.*\n/ g/Peter/ a</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>one line about Peter</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>another line about Peter</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>.</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Other UNIX editors would require a backslash after all but the last line. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The other advantage is specific to the two-process structure of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The host process must decide when a command is completed so the -command interpreter can be called. This problem is easily resolved -by having the lexical analyzer read the single stream of events from the -terminal, directly executing all typing and mouse commands, -but passing to the parser characters typed to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command window. -This scheme is slightly complicated by the availability of cut-and-paste -editing in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window, but that difficulty is resolved by applying the rules -used in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -when a newline is typed to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window, all text between the newline and the previously typed newline -is made available to the parser. -This permits arbitrary editing to be done to a command before -typing newline and thereby requesting execution. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The parser is driven by a table because the syntax of addresses -and commands is regular enough -to be encoded compactly. There are few special cases, such as the -replacement text in a substitution, so the syntax of almost all commands -can be encoded with a few flags. -These include whether the command allows an address (for example, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>e</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -does not), whether it takes a regular expression (as in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>s</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">), -whether it takes replacement text (as in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -or -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>i</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">), -which may be multi-line, and so on. -The internal syntax of regular expressions is handled by a separate -parser; a regular expression is a leaf of the command parse tree. -Regular expressions are discussed fully in the next section. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The parser table also has information about defaults, so the interpreter -is always called with a complete tree. For example, the parser fills in -the implicit -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>0</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>$</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in the abbreviated address -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>,</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(comma), -inserts a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>+</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to the left of an unadorned regular expression in an address, -and provides the usual default address -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(dot) for commands that expect an address but are not given one. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Once a complete command is parsed, the evaluation is easy. -The address is evaluated left-to-right starting from the value of dot, -with a mostly ordinary expression evaluator. -Addresses, like many of the data structures in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -are held in a C structure and passed around by value: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>typedef long Posn; /* Position in a file */</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>typedef struct Range{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Posn p1, p2;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}Range;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>typedef struct Address{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Range r;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> File *f;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}Address;</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">An address is encoded as a substring (character positions -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>p1</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>p2</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -in a file -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>f</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -(The data type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is described in detail below.) -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The address interpreter is an -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Address</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">-valued -function that traverses the parse tree describing an address (the -parse tree for the address has type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Addrtree</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">): -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>Address</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>address(ap, a, sign)</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Addrtree *ap;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Address a;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> int sign;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Address a2;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> do</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> switch(ap->type){</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> case ’.’:</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a=a.f->dot;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> break;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> case ’$’:</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a.r.p1=a.r.p2=a.f->nbytes;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> break;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> case ’"’: </tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a=matchfile(a, ap->aregexp)->dot; </tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> break;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> case ’,’:</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a2=address(ap->right, a, 0);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a=address(ap->left, a, 0);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> if(a.f!=a2.f || a2.r.p2<a.r.p1)</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> error(Eorder);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a.r.p2=a2.r.p2;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> return a;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> /* and so on */</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> }</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> while((ap=ap->right)!=0);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> return a;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Throughout, errors are handled by a non-local -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>goto</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>setjmp/longjmp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in C terminology) -hidden in a routine called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>error</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that immediately aborts the execution, retracts any -partially made changes (see the section below on ‘undoing’), and -returns to the top level of the parser. -The argument to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>error</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is an enumeration type that -is translated to a terse but possibly helpful -message such as ‘?addresses out of order.’ -Very common messages are kept short; for example the message for -a failed regular expression search is ‘?search.’ -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Character addresses such as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>#3</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are trivial to implement, as the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structure is accessible by character number. -However, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -keeps no information about the position of newlines — it is too -expensive to track dynamically — so line addresses are computed by reading -the file, counting newlines. Except in very large files, this has proven -acceptable: file access is fast enough to make the technique practical, -and lines are not central to the structure of the command language. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The command interpreter, called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>cmdexec</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -is also straightforward. The parse table includes a -function to call to interpret a particular command. That function -receives as arguments -the calculated address -for the command -and the command tree (of type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Cmdtree</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">), -which may contain information such as the subtree for compound commands. -Here, for example, is the function for the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>v</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -commands: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>int</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>g_cmd(a, cp)</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Address a;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> Cmdtree *cp;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> compile(cp->regexp);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> if(execute(a.f, a.r.p1, a.r.p2)!=(cp->cmdchar==’v’)){</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> a.f->dot=a;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> return cmdexec(a, cp->subcmd);</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> }</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> return TRUE; /* cause execution to continue */</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Compile</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are part of the regular expression code, described in the next section.) -Because the parser and the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structure do most of the work, most commands -are similarly brief. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Regular expressions -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The regular expression code in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is an interpreted, rather than compiled on-the-fly, implementation of Thompson’s -non-deterministic finite automaton algorithm.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The syntax and semantics of the expressions are as in the UNIX program -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -including alternation, closures, character classes, and so on. -The only changes in the notation are two additions: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>\n</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is translated to, and matches, a newline character, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>@</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -matches any character. In -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the character -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -matches any character except newline, and in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -the same rule seemed safest, to prevent idioms like -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>.*</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -from spanning newlines. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -expressions are arguably too complicated for an interactive editor — -certainly it would make sense if all the special characters were two-character -sequences, so that most of the punctuation characters wouldn’t have -peculiar meanings — but for an interesting command language, full -regular expressions are necessary, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -defines the full regular expression syntax for UNIX programs. -Also, it seemed superfluous to define a new syntax, since various UNIX programs -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>egrep</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>vi</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -define too many already. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The expressions are compiled by a routine, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>compile</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -that generates the description of the non-deterministic finite state machine. -A second routine, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -interprets the machine to generate the leftmost-longest match of the -expression in a substring of the file. -The algorithm is described elsewhere.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">12,13</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -reports -whether a match was found, and sets a global variable, -of type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Range</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -to the substring matched. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A trick is required to evaluate the expression in reverse, such as when -searching backwards for an expression. -For example, -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>-/P.*r/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">looks backwards through the file for a match of the expression. -The expression, however, is defined for a forward search. -The solution is to construct a machine identical to the machine -for a forward search except for a reversal of all the concatenation -operators (the other operators are symmetric under direction reversal), -to exchange the meaning of the operators -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>^</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>$</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and then to read the file backwards, looking for the -usual earliest longest match. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -generates only one match each time it is called. -To interpret looping constructs such as the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -must therefore synchronize between -calls of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to avoid -problems with null matches. -For example, even given the leftmost-longest rule, -the expression -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>a*</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -matches three times in the string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ab</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(the character -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>a</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the null string between the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>a</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>b</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and the final null string). -After returning a match for the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>a</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -must not match the null string before the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>b</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The algorithm starts -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>execute</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -at the end of its previous match, and -if the match it returns -is null and abuts the previous match, rejects the match and advances -the initial position one character. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Memory allocation -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The C language has no memory allocation primitives, although a standard -library routine, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>malloc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -provides adequate service for simple programs. -For specific uses, however, -it can be better to write a custom allocator. -The allocator (or rather, pair of allocators) described here -work in both the terminal and host parts of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -They are designed for efficient manipulation of strings, -which are allocated and freed frequently and vary in length from essentially -zero to 32 Kbytes (very large strings are written to disc). -More important, strings may be large and change size often, -so to minimize memory usage it is helpful to reclaim and to coalesce the -unused portions of strings when they are truncated. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Objects to be allocated in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are of two flavors: -the first is C -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>structs</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which are small and often addressed by pointer variables; -the second is variable-sized arrays of characters -or integers whose -base pointer is always used to access them. -The memory allocator in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is therefore in two parts: -first, a traditional first-fit allocator that provides fixed storage for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>structs</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -and second, a garbage-compacting allocator that reduces storage -overhead for variable-sized objects, at the cost of some bookkeeping. -The two types of objects are allocated from adjoining arenas, with -the garbage-compacting allocator controlling the arena with higher addresses. -Separating into two arenas simplifies compaction and prevents fragmentation due -to immovable objects. -The access rules for garbage-compactable objects -(discussed in the next paragraph) allow them to be relocated, so when -the first-fit arena needs space, it moves the garbage-compacted arena -to higher addresses to make room. Storage is therefore created only -at successively higher addresses, either when more garbage-compacted -space is needed or when the first-fit arena pushes up the other arena. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Objects that may be compacted declare to the -allocator a cell that is guaranteed to be the sole repository of the -address of the object whenever a compaction can occur. -The compactor can then update the address when the object is moved. -For example, the implementation of type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>List</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(really a variable-length array) -is: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>typedef struct List{</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> int nused;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt> long *ptr;</tt></span></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>}List;</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ptr</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -cell must always be used directly, and never copied. When a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>List</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is to be created the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>List</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -structure is allocated in the ordinary first-fit arena -and its -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ptr</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is allocated in the garbage-compacted arena. -A similar data type for strings, called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>String</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -stores variable-length character arrays of up to 32767 elements. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A related matter of programming style: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -frequently passes structures by value, which -simplifies the code. -Traditionally, C programs have -passed structures by reference, but implicit allocation on -the stack is easier to use. -Structure passing is a relatively new feature of C -(it is not in the -standard reference manual for C<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">14</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt">), and is poorly supported in most -commercial C compilers. -It’s convenient and expressive, though, -and simplifies memory management by -avoiding the allocator altogether -and eliminating pointer aliases. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Data structures for manipulating files -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Experience with -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -showed that the requirements -of the file data structure were few, but strict. -First, files need to be read and written quickly; -adding a fresh file must be painless. -Second, the implementation must place no arbitrary upper limit on -the number or sizes of files. (It should be practical to edit many files, -and files up to megabytes in length should be handled gracefully.) -This implies that files be stored on disc, not in main memory. -(Aficionados of virtual memory may argue otherwise, but the -implementation of virtual -memory in our system is not something to depend on -for good performance.) -Third, changes to files need be made by only two primitives: -deletion and insertion. -These are inverses of each other, -which simplifies the implementation of the undo operation. -Finally, -it must be easy and efficient to access the file, either -forwards or backwards, a byte at a time. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data type is constructed from three simpler data structures that hold arrays -of characters. -Each of these types has an insertion and deletion operator, and the -insertion and deletion operators of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -type itself are constructed from them. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The simplest type is the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>String</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which is used to hold strings in main memory. -The code that manages -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Strings</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -guarantees that they will never be longer -than some moderate size, and in practice they are rarely larger than 8 Kbytes. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Strings</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -have two purposes: they hold short strings like file names with little overhead, -and because they are deliberately small, they are efficient to modify. -They are therefore used as the data structure for in-memory caches. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The disc copy of the file is managed by a data structure called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which corresponds to a temporary file. A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has no storage in main memory other than bookkeeping information; -the actual data being held is all on the disc. -To reduce the number of open files needed, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -opens a dozen temporary UNIX files and multiplexes the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Discs</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -upon them. -This permits many files to -be edited; the entire -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -source (48 files) may be edited comfortably with a single -instance of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Allocating one temporary file per -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -would strain the operating system’s limit on the number of open files. -Also, spreading the traffic among temporary files keeps the files shorter, -and shorter files are more efficiently implemented by the UNIX -I/O subsystem. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is an array of fixed-length blocks, each of which contains -between 1 and 4096 characters of active data. -(The block size of our UNIX file system is 4096 bytes.) -The block addresses within the temporary file and the length of each -block are stored in a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>List</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -When changes are made the live part of blocks may change size. -Blocks are created and coalesced when necessary to try to keep the sizes -between 2048 and 4096 bytes. -An actively changing part of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -therefore typically has about a kilobyte of slop that can be -inserted or deleted -without changing more than one block or affecting the block order. -When an insertion would overflow a block, the block is split, a new one -is allocated to receive the overflow, and the memory-resident list of blocks -is rearranged to reflect the insertion of the new block. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Obviously, going to the disc for every modification to the file is -prohibitively expensive. -The data type -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -consists of a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to hold the data and a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>String</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that acts as a cache. -This is the first of a series of caches throughout the data structures in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The caches not only improve performance, they provide a way to organize -the flow of data, particularly in the communication between the host -and terminal. -This idea is developed below, in the section on communications. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">To reduce disc traffic, changes to a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are mediated by a variable-length string, in memory, that acts as a cache. -When an insertion or deletion is made to a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -if the change can be accommodated by the cache, it is done there. -If the cache becomes bigger than a block because of an insertion, -some of it is written to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and deleted from the cache. -If the change does not intersect the cache, the cache is flushed. -The cache is only loaded at the new position if the change is smaller than a block; -otherwise, it is sent directly to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -This is because -large changes are typically sequential, -whereupon the next change is unlikely to overlap the current one. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -comprises a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>String</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to hold the file name and some ancillary data such as dot and the modified bit. -The most important components, though, are a pair of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -one called the transcript and the other the contents. -Their use is described in the next section. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The overall structure is shown in Figure 5. -Although it may seem that the data is touched many times on its -way from the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -it is read (by one UNIX system call) directly into the cache of the -associated -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -no extra copy is done. -Similarly, when flushing the cache, the text is written -directly from the cache to disc. -Most operations act directly on the text in the cache. -A principle applied throughout -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is that the fewer times the data is copied, the faster the program will run -(see also the paper by Waite<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">15</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt">). -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="sam2.png"></center> -</center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 5. File data structures. -The temporary files are stored in the standard repository for such files -on the host system. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The contents of a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are accessed by a routine that -copies to a buffer a substring of a file starting at a specified offset. -To read a byte at a time, a -per-</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -array is loaded starting from a specified initial position, -and bytes may then be read from the array. -The implementation is done by a macro similar to the C standard I/O -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>getc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -macro.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">14</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Because the reading may be done at any address, a minor change to the -macro allows the file to be read backwards. -This array is read-only; there is no -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>putc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Doing and undoing -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has an unusual method for managing changes to files. -The command language makes it easy to specify multiple variable-length changes -to a file millions of bytes long, and such changes -must be made efficiently if the editor is to be practical. -The usual techniques for inserting and deleting strings -are inadequate under these conditions. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structures are designed for efficient random access to long strings, -but care must be taken to avoid super-linear behavior when making -many changes simultaneously. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -uses a two-pass algorithm for making changes, and treats each file as a database -against which transactions are registered. -Changes are not made directly to the contents. -Instead, when a command is started, a ‘mark’ containing -a sequence number is placed in the transcript -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and each change made to the file, either an insertion or deletion -or a change to the file name, -is appended to the end of the transcript. -When the command is complete, the transcript is rewound to the -mark and applied to the contents. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">One reason for separating evaluation from -application in this way is to simplify tracking the addresses of changes -made in the middle of a long sequence. -The two-pass algorithm also allows all changes to apply to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>original</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data: no change can affect another change made in the same command. -This is particularly important when evaluating an -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command because it prevents regular expression matches -from stumbling over changes made earlier in the execution. -Also, the two-pass -algorithm is cleaner than the way other UNIX editors allow changes to -affect each other; -for example, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -idioms to do things like delete every other line -depend critically on the implementation. -Instead, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -simple model, in which all changes in a command occur effectively -simultaneously, is easy to explain and to understand. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The records in the transcript are of the form ‘‘delete substring from -locations -123 to 456’’ and ‘‘insert 11 characters ‘hello there’ at location 789.’’ -(It is an error if the changes are not at monotonically greater -positions through the file.) -While the update is occurring, these numbers must be -offset by earlier changes, but that is straightforward and -local to the update routine; -moreover, all the numbers have been computed -before the first is examined. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Treating the file as a transaction system has another advantage: -undo is trivial. -All it takes is to invert the transcript after it has been -implemented, converting insertions -into deletions and vice versa, and saving them in a holding -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The ‘do’ transcript can then be deleted from -the transcript -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and replaced by the ‘undo’ transcript. -If an undo is requested, the transcript is rewound and the undo transcript -executed. -Because the transcript -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is not truncated after each command, it accumulates -successive changes. -A sequence of undo commands -can therefore back up the file arbitrarily, -which is more helpful than the more commonly implemented self-inverse form of undo. -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -provides no way to undo an undo, but if it were desired, -it would be easy to provide by re-interpreting the ‘do’ transcript.) -Each mark in the transcript contains a sequence number and the offset into -the transcript of the previous mark, to aid in unwinding the transcript. -Marks also contain the value of dot and the modified bit so these can be -restored easily. -Undoing multiple files is easy; it merely demands undoing all files whose -latest change has the same sequence number as the current file. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Another benefit of having a transcript is that errors encountered in the middle -of a complicated command need not leave the files in an intermediate state. -By rewinding the transcript to the mark beginning the command, -the partial command can be trivially undone. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">When the update algorithm was first implemented, it was unacceptably slow, -so a cache was added to coalesce nearby changes, -replacing multiple small changes by a single larger one. -This reduced the number -of insertions into the transaction -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and made a dramatic improvement in performance, -but made it impossible -to handle changes in non-monotonic order in the file; the caching method -only works if changes don’t overlap. -Before the cache was added, the transaction could in principle be sorted -if the changes were out of order, although -this was never done. -The current status is therefore acceptable performance with a minor -restriction on global changes, which is sometimes, but rarely, an annoyance. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The update algorithm obviously paws the data more than simpler -algorithms, but it is not prohibitively expensive; -the caches help. -(The principle of avoiding copying the data is still honored here, -although not as piously: -the data is moved from contents’ cache to -the transcript’s all at once and through only one internal buffer.) -Performance figures confirm the efficiency. -To read from a dead start a hundred kilobyte file on a VAX-11/750 -takes 1.4 seconds of user time, 2.5 seconds of system time, -and 5 seconds of real time. -Reading the same file in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -takes 6.0 seconds of user time, 1.7 seconds of system time, -and 8 seconds of real time. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -uses about half the CPU time. -A more interesting example is the one stated above: -inserting a character between every pair of characters in the file. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command is -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>,y/@/ a/x/</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">and takes 3 CPU seconds per kilobyte of input file, of which -about a third is spent in the regular expression code. -This translates to about 500 changes per second. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -takes 1.5 seconds per kilobyte to make a similar change (ignoring newlines), -but cannot undo it. -The same example in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ex</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">9</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -a variant of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -done at the University of California at Berkeley, -which allows one level of undoing, again takes 3 seconds. -In summary, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -performance is comparable to that of other UNIX editors, although it solves -a harder problem. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Communications -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The discussion so far has described the implementation of the host part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -the next few sections explain how a machine with mouse and bitmap display -can be engaged to improve interaction. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is not the first editor to be written as two processes,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">16</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -but its implementation -has some unusual aspects. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">There are several ways -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -host and terminal parts may be connected. -The first and simplest is to forgo the terminal part and use the host -part’s command language to edit text on an ordinary terminal. -This mode is invoked by starting -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -with the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -option. -With no options, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -runs separate host and terminal programs, -communicating with a message protocol over the physical -connection that joins them. -Typically, the connection is an RS-232 link between a Blit -(the prototypical display for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -and a host running -the Ninth Edition of the UNIX operating system.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(This is the version of the system used in the Computing Sciences Research -Center at AT&T Bell Laboratories [now Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs], where I work. Its relevant -aspects are discussed in the Blit paper.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -The implementation of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -for the SUN computer runs both processes on the same machine and -connects them by a pipe. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The low bandwidth of an RS-232 link -necessitated the split between -the two programs. -The division is a mixed blessing: -a program in two parts is much harder to write and to debug -than a self-contained one, -but the split makes several unusual configurations possible. -The terminal may be physically separated from the host, allowing the conveniences -of a mouse and bitmap display to be taken home while leaving the files at work. -It is also possible to run the host part on a remote machine: -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.1em; margin-left: 1.28in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 9pt"><tt>sam -r host</tt></span></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">connects to the terminal in the usual way, and then makes a call -across the network to establish the host part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -on the named machine. -Finally, it cross-connects the I/O to join the two parts. -This allows -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to be run on machines that do not support bitmap displays; -for example, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is the editor of choice on our Cray X-MP/24. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-r</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -involves -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>three</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -machines: the remote host, the terminal, and the local host. -The local host’s job is simple but vital: it passes the data -between the remote host and terminal. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The host and terminal exchange messages asynchronously -(rather than, say, as remote procedure calls) but there is no -error detection or correction -because, whatever the configuration, the connection is reliable. -Because the terminal handles mundane interaction tasks such as -popping up menus and interpreting the responses, the messages are about -data, not actions. -For example, the host knows nothing about what is displayed on the screen, -and when the user types a character, the message sent to the host says -‘‘insert a one-byte string at location 123 in file 7,’’ not ‘‘a character -was typed at the current position in the current file.’’ -In other words, the messages look very much like the transaction records -in the transcripts. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Either the host or terminal part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -may initiate a change to a file. -The command language operates on the host, while typing and some -mouse operations are executed directly in the terminal to optimize response. -Changes initiated by the host program must be transmitted to the terminal, -and -vice versa. -(A token is exchanged to determine which end is in control, -which means that characters typed while a time-consuming command runs -must be buffered and do not appear until the command is complete.) -To maintain consistent information, -the host and terminal track changes through a per-file -data structure that records what portions of the file -the terminal has received. -The data structure, called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(a weak pun: it’s a file with holes) -is held and updated by both the host and terminal. -A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a list of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Strings</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -holding those parts of the file known to the terminal, -separated by counts of the number of bytes in the interstices. -Of course, the host doesn’t keep a separate copy of the data (it only needs -the lengths of the various pieces), -but the structure is the same on both ends. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in the terminal doubles as a cache. -Since the terminal keeps the text for portions of the file it has displayed, -it need not request data from the host when revisiting old parts of the file -or redrawing obscured windows, which speeds things up considerably -over low-speed links. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">It’s trivial for the terminal to maintain its -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -because all changes made on the terminal apply to parts of the file -already loaded there. -Changes made by the host are compared against the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -during the update sequence after each command. -Small changes to pieces of the file loaded in the terminal -are sent in their entirety. -Larger changes, and changes that fall entirely in the holes, -are transmitted as messages without literal data: -only the lengths of the deleted and inserted strings are transmitted. -When a command is completed, the terminal examines its visible -windows to see if any holes in their -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasps</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -intersect the visible portion of the file. -It then requests the missing data from the host, -along with up to 512 bytes of surrounding data, to minimize -the number of messages when visiting a new portion of the file. -This technique provides a kind of two-level lazy evaluation for the terminal. -The first level sends a minimum of information about -parts of the file not being edited interactively; -the second level waits until a change is displayed before -transmitting the new data. -Of course, -performance is also helped by having the terminal respond immediately to typing -and simple mouse requests. -Except for small changes to active pieces of the file, which are -transmitted to the terminal without negotiation, -the terminal is wholly responsible for deciding what is displayed; -the host uses the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -only to tell the terminal what might be relevant. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">When a change is initiated by the host, -the messages to the terminal describing the change -are generated by the routine that applies the transcript of the changes -to the contents of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Since changes are undone by the same update routine, -undoing requires -no extra code in the communications; -the usual messages describing changes to the file are sufficient -to back up the screen image. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a particularly good example of the way caches are used in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -First, it facilitates access to the active portion of the text by placing -the busy text in main memory. -In so doing, it provides efficient access -to a large data structure that does not fit in memory. -Since the form of data is to be imposed by the user, not by the program, -and because characters will frequently be scanned sequentially, -files are stored as flat objects. -Caches help keep performance good and linear when working with such -data. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Second, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and several of the other caches have some -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>read-ahead;</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that is, the cache is loaded with more information than is needed for -the job immediately at hand. -When manipulating linear structures, the accesses are usually sequential, -and read-ahead can significantly reduce the average time to access the -next element of the object. -Sequential access is a common mode for people as well as programs; -consider scrolling through a document while looking for something. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Finally, like any good data structure, -the cache guides the algorithm, or at least the implementation. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was actually invented to control the communications between the host and -terminal parts, but I realized very early that it was also a form of -cache. Other caches were more explicitly intended to serve a double -purpose: for example, the caches in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Files</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that coalesce updates not only reduce traffic to the -transcript and contents -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -they also clump screen updates so that complicated changes to the -screen are achieved in -just a few messages to the terminal. -This saved me considerable work: I did not need to write special -code to optimize the message traffic to the -terminal. -Caches pay off in surprising ways. -Also, they tend to be independent, so their performance improvements -are multiplicative. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Data structures in the terminal -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The terminal’s job is to display and to maintain a consistent image of -pieces of the files being edited. -Because the text is always in memory, the data structures are -considerably simpler than those in the host part. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -typically has far more windows than does -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the window system within which its Blit implementation runs. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a fairly small number of asynchronously updated windows; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -needs a large number of synchronously updated windows that are -usually static and often fully obscured. -The different tradeoffs guided -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -away from the memory-intensive implementation of windows, called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Layers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">17</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -used in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Rather than depending on a complete bitmap image of the display for each window, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -regenerates the image from its in-memory text -(stored in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -when necessary, although it will use such an image if it is available. -Like -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Layers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -though, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -uses the screen bitmap as active storage in which to update the image using -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblt</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">18,19</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The resulting organization, pictured in Figure 6, -has a global array of windows, called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -each of which holds an image of a piece of text held in a data structure -called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which in turn represents -a rectangular window full of text displayed in some -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Each -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -appears in a global list that orders them all front-to-back -on the display, and simultaneously as an element of a per-file array -that holds all the open windows for that file. -The complement in the terminal of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>File</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -on the host is called a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Text</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -each connects its -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to the associated -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="sam3.png"></center> -</center> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 6. Data structures in the terminal. -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>Flayers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -are also linked together into a front-to-back list. -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -are discussed in the next section. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -for a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -contains the image of the text. -For a fully visible window, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -will be the screen (or at least the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Layer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in which -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is being run), -while for partially obscured windows the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -will be off-screen. -If the window is fully obscured, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -will be null. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a kind of cache. -When making changes to the display, most of the original image will -look the same in the final image, and the update algorithms exploit this. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -software updates the image in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -incrementally; the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is not just an image, it is a data structure.<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">18,19</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The job of the software that updates the display is therefore -to use as much as possible of the existing image (converting the -text from ASCII characters to pixels is expensive) in a sort of two-dimensional -string insertion algorithm. -The details of this process are described in the next section. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -software has no code to support overlapping windows; -its job is to keep a single -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -up to date. -It falls to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -software to multiplex the various -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmaps</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -onto the screen. -The problem of maintaining overlapping -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is easier than for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Layers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">17</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -because changes are made synchronously and because the contents of the window -can be reconstructed from the data stored in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Layers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -software -makes no such assumptions. -In -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the window being changed is almost always fully visible, because the current -window is always fully visible, by construction. -However, when multi-file changes are being made, or when -more than one window is open on a file, -it may be necessary to update partially obscured windows. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">There are three cases: the window is -fully visible, invisible (fully obscured), or partially visible. -If fully visible, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is part of the screen, so when the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -update routine calls the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -update routine, the screen will be updated directly. -If the window is invisible, -there is no associated -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and all that is necessary is to update the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structure, not the image. -If the window is partially visible, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -routine is called to update the image in the off-screen -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which may require regenerating it from the text of the window. -The -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -code then clips this -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -against the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmaps</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of all -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frames</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -in front of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -being modified, and the remainder is copied to the display. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">This is much faster than recreating the image off-screen -for every change, or clipping all the changes made to the image -during its update. -Unfortunately, these caches can also consume prohibitive amounts of -memory, so they are freed fairly liberally — after every change to the -front-to-back order of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Flayers</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The result is that -the off-screen -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmaps</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -exist only while multi-window changes are occurring, -which is the only time the performance improvement they provide is needed. -Also, the user interface causes fully-obscured windows to be the -easiest to make — -creating a canonically sized and placed window requires only a button click -— which reduces the need for caching still further. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Screen update -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Only two low-level primitives are needed for incremental update: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblt</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which copies rectangles of pixels, and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>string</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(which in turn calls -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblt</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">), -which draws a null-terminated character string in a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -contains a list of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -each of which defines a horizontal strip of text in the window -(see Figure 7). -A -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a character string -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>str</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rectangle</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>rect</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that defines the location of the strip in the window. -(The text in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>str</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is stored in the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -separately from the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -associated with the window’s file, so -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -are self-contained.) -The invariant is that -the image of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -can be reproduced by calling -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>string</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -with argument -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>str</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to draw the string in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>rect</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and the resulting picture fits perfectly within -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>rect</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -In other words, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -define the tiling of the window. -The tiling may be complicated by long lines of text, which -are folded onto the next line. -Some editors use horizontal scrolling to avoid this complication, -but to be comfortable this technique requires that lines not be -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>too</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -long; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has no such restriction. -Also, and perhaps more importantly, UNIX programs and terminals traditionally fold -long lines to make their contents fully visible. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Two special kinds of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -contain a single -character: either a newline or a tab. -Newlines and tabs are white space. -A newline -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -always extends to the right edge of the window, -forcing the following -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to the next line. -The width of a tab depends on where it is located: -it forces the next -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to begin at a tab location. -Tabs also -have a minimum width equivalent to a blank (blanks are -drawn by -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>string</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and are not treated specially); newlines have a minimum width of zero. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></p><center><img src="sam4.png"></center> -</center> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.08in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>Figure 7. A line of text showing its -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i>. -The first two blank -</i></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 8pt"><i> -contain tabs; the last contains a newline. -Spaces are handled as ordinary characters. -</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.02in"></p> - -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The update algorithms always use the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -image of the text (either the display or cache -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Bitmap</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">); -they never examine the characters within a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -except when the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -needs to be split in two. -Before a change, the window consists of a tiling of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -after the change the window is tiled differently. -The update algorithms rearrange the tiles in place, without -backup storage. -The algorithms are not strictly optimal — for example, they can -clear a pixel that is later going to be written upon — -but they never move a tile that doesn’t need to be moved, -and they move each tile at most once. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frinsert</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -on a Blit can absorb over a thousand characters a second if the strings -being inserted are a few tens of characters long. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Consider -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frdelete</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Its job is to delete a substring from a -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and restore the image of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The image of a substring has a peculiar shape (see Figure 2) comprising -possibly a partial line, -zero or more full lines, -and possibly a final partial line. -For reference, call this the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Z-shape. -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frdelete</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -begins by splitting, if necessary, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -containing the ends of -the substring so the substring begins and ends on -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -boundaries. -Because the substring is being deleted, its image is not needed, -so the Z-shape is then cleared. -Then, tiles (that is, the images of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -are copied, using -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblt</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -from immediately after the Z-shape to -the beginning of the Z-shape, -resulting in a new Z-shape. -(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -whose contents would span two lines in the new position must first be split.) -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Copying the remainder of the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frame</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -tile by tile -this way will clearly accomplish the deletion but eventually, -typically when the copying algorithm encounters a tab or newline, -the old and new -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -coordinates of the tile -to be copied are the same. -This correspondence implies -that the Z-shape has its beginning and ending edges aligned -vertically, and a sequence of at most two -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblts</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -can be used to copy the remaining tiles. -The last step is to clear out the resulting empty space at the bottom -of the window; -the number of lines to be cleared is the number of complete lines in the -Z-shape closed by the final -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>bitblts.</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -The final step is to merge horizontally adjacent -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -of plain text. -The complete source to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frdelete</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is less than 100 lines of C. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frinsert</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is more complicated because it must do four passes: -one to construct the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Box</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -list for the inserted string, -one to reconnoitre, -one to copy (in opposite order to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frdelete</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">) -the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Boxes</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -to make the hole for the new text, -and finally one to copy the new text into place. -Overall, though, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frinsert</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has a similar flavor to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>frdelete</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -and needn’t be described further. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Frinsert</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and its subsidiary routines comprise 211 lines of C. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The terminal source code is 3024 lines of C, -and the host source is 5797 lines. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Discussion -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>History -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">The immediate ancestor of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was the original text editor for the Blit, called -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -inherited -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -two-process structure and mouse language almost unchanged, but -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -suffered from several drawbacks that were addressed in the design of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -The most important of these was the lack of a command language. -Although -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was easy to use for simple editing, it provided no direct help with -large or repetitive editing tasks. Instead, it provided a command to pass -selected text through a shell pipeline, -but this was no more satisfactory than could be expected of a stopgap measure. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was written primarily as a vehicle for experimenting with a mouse-based -interface to text, and the experiment was successful. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -had some spin-offs: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -the second window system for the Blit, is essentially a multiplexed -version of the terminal part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -and the debugger -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>pi</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -user interface<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">20</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> was closely modeled on -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s. -But after a couple of years, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -had become difficult to maintain and limiting to use, -and its replacement was overdue. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">I began the design of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -by asking -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -customers what they wanted. -This was probably a mistake; the answers were essentially a list of features -to be found in other editors, which did not provide any of the -guiding principles I was seeking. -For instance, one common request was for a ‘‘global substitute,’’ -but no one suggested how to provide it within a cut-and-paste editor. -I was looking for a scheme that would -support such specialized features comfortably in the context of some -general command language. -Ideas were not forthcoming, though, particularly given my insistence -on removing all limits on file sizes, line lengths and so on. -Even worse, I recognized that, since the mouse could easily -indicate a region of the screen that was not an integral number of lines, -the command language would best forget about newlines altogether, -and that meant the command language had to treat the file as a single -string, not an array of lines. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Eventually, I decided that thinking was not getting me very far and it was -time to try building. -I knew that the terminal part could be built easily — -that part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -behaved acceptably well — and that most of the hard work was going -to be in the host part: the file interface, command interpreter and so on. -Moreover, I had some ideas about how the architecture of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -could be improved without destroying its basic structure, which I liked -in principle but which hadn’t worked out as well as I had hoped. -So I began by designing the file data structure, -starting with the way -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -worked — comparable to a single structure merging -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Disc</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Buffer</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -which I split to make the cache more general -— and thinking about how global substitute could be implemented. -The answer was clearly that it had to be done in two passes, -and the transcript-oriented implementation fell out naturally. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was written bottom-up, -starting from the data structures and algorithms for manipulating text, -through the command language and up to the code for maintaining -the display. -In retrospect, it turned out well, but this implementation method is -not recommended in general. -There were several times when I had a large body of interesting code -assembled and no clue how to proceed with it. -The command language, in particular, took almost a year to figure out, -but can be implemented (given what was there at the beginning of that year) -in a day or two. Similarly, inventing the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structure delayed the -connection of the host and terminal pieces by another few months. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -took about two years to write, although only about four months were -spent actually working on it. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Part of the design process was unusual: -the subset of the protocol that maintains the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was simulated, debugged -and verified by an automatic protocol analyzer,<sup></sup></span><sup><span style="font-size: 6pt">21</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt"> and was bug-free -from the start. -The rest of the protocol, concerned mostly -with keeping menus up to date, -was unfortunately too unwieldy for such analysis, -and was debugged by more traditional methods, primarily -by logging in a file all messages in and out of the host. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Reflections -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is essentially the only interactive editor used by the sixty or so members of -the computing science research center in which I work. -The same could not be said of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">; -the lack of a command language kept some people from adopting it. -The union of a user interface as comfortable as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -with a command language as powerful as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s† -</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.50in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">is essential to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -success. -When -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was first made available to the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -community, -almost everyone switched to it within two or three days. -In the months that followed, even people who had never adopted -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>jim</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -started using -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -exclusively. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">To be honest, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -still gets occasional use, but usually when -something quick needs to be done and the overhead of -downloading the terminal part of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -isn’t worth the trouble. -Also, as a ‘line’ editor, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>-d</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a bit odd; -when using a good old ASCII terminal, it’s comforting to have -a true line editor. -But it is fair to say that -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language has displaced -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -for most of the complicated editing that has kept line editors -(that is, command-driven editors) with us. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language is even fancier than -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s, -and most -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -customers don’t come near to using all its capabilities. -Does it need to be so sophisticated? -I think the answer is yes, for two reasons. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">First, the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>model</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -for -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language is really relatively simple, and certainly simpler than that of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -For instance, there is only one kind of textual loop in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -— the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>x</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command — -while -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has three (the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>g</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command, the global flag on substitutions, and the implicit loop over -lines in multi-line substitutions). -Also, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -substitute command is necessary to make changes within lines, but in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>s</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -command is more of a familiar convenience than a necessity; -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>c</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -and -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>t</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -can do all the work. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Second, -given a community that expects an editor to be about as powerful as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -it’s hard to see how -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -could really be much simpler and still satisfy that expectation. -People want to do ‘‘global substitutes,’’ and most are content -to have the recipe for that and a few other fancy changes. -The sophistication of the command language is really just a veneer -over a design that makes it possible to do global substitutes -in a screen editor. -Some people will always want something more, however, and it’s gratifying to -be able to provide it. -The real power of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language comes from composability of the operators, which is by -nature orthogonal to the underlying model. -In other words, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is not itself complex, but it makes complex things possible. -If you don’t want to do anything complex, you can ignore the -complexity altogether, and many people do so. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Sometimes I am asked the opposite question: why didn’t I just make -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -a real programmable editor, with macros and variables and so on? -The main reason is a matter of taste: I like the editor -to be the same every time I use it. -There is one technical reason, though: -programmability in editors is largely a workaround for insufficient -interactivity. -Programmable editors are used to make particular, usually short-term, -things easy to do, such as by providing shorthands for common actions. -If things are generally easy to do in the first place, -shorthands are not as helpful. -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -makes common editing operations very easy, and the solutions to -complex editing problems seem commensurate with the problems themselves. -Also, the ability to edit the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -window makes it easy to repeat commands — it only takes a mouse button click -to execute a command again. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Pros and cons -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -has several other good points, -and its share of problems. -Among the good things is the idea of -structural regular expressions, -whose usefulness has only begun to be explored. -They were arrived at serendipitously when I attempted to distill the essence of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -way of doing global substitution and recognized that the looping command in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -was implicitly imposing a structure (an array of lines) on the file. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Another of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -good things is its undo capability. -I had never before used an editor with a true undo, -but I would never go back now. -Undo -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>must</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -be done well, but if it is, it can be relied on. -For example, -it’s safe to experiment if you’re not sure how to write some intricate command, -because if you make a mistake, it can be fixed simply and reliably. -I learned two things about undo from writing -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">: -first, it’s easy to provide if you design it in from the beginning, and -second, it’s necessary, particularly if the system has some subtle -properties that may be unfamiliar or error-prone for users. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -lack of internal limits and sizes is a virtue. -Because it avoids all fixed-size tables and data structures, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is able to make global changes to files that some of our other -tools cannot even read. -Moreover, the design keeps the performance linear when doing such -operations, although I must admit -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -does get slow when editing a huge file. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Now, the problems. -Externally, the most obvious is that it is poorly integrated into the -surrounding window system. -By design, the user interface in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -feels almost identical to that of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -but a thick wall separates text in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -from the programs running in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -For instance, the ‘snarf buffer’ in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -must be maintained separately from that in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>mux</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -This is regrettable, but probably necessary given the unusual configuration -of the system, with a programmable terminal on the far end of an RS-232 link. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is reliable; otherwise, people wouldn’t use it. -But it was written over such a long time, and has so many new (to me) -ideas in it, that I would like to see it done over again to clean -up the code and remove many of the lingering problems in the implementation. -The worst part is in the interconnection of the host and terminal parts, -which might even be able to go away in a redesign for a more -conventional window system. -The program must be split in two to use the terminal effectively, -but the low bandwidth of the connection forces the separation to -occur in an inconvenient part of the design if performance is to be acceptable. -A simple remote procedure call -protocol driven by the host, emitting only graphics -commands, would be easy to write but wouldn’t have nearly the -necessary responsiveness. On the other hand, if the terminal were in control -and requested much simpler file services from the host, regular expression -searches would require that the terminal read the entire file over its RS-232 -link, which would be unreasonably slow. -A compromise in which either end can take control is necessary. -In retrospect, the communications protocol should have been -designed and verified formally, although I do not know of any tool -that can adequately relate the protocol to -its implementation. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Not all of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -users are comfortable with its command language, and few are adept. -Some (venerable) people use a sort of -‘‘</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -subset’’ of -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language, -and even ask why -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -command language is not exactly -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s. -(The reason, of course, is that -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -model for text does not include newlines, which are central to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">. -Making the text an array of newlines to the command language would -be too much of a break from the seamless model provided by the mouse. -Some editors, such as -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>vi</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -are willing to make this break, though.) -The difficulty is that -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -syntax is so close to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">’s -that people believe it -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>should</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -be the same. -I thought, with some justification in hindsight, -that making -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -similar to -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>ed</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -would make it easier to learn and to accept. -But I may have overstepped and raised the users’ -expectations too much. -It’s hard to decide which way to resolve this problem. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.35in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Finally, there is a tradeoff in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -that was decided by the environment in which it runs: -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>sam</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -is a multi-file editor, although in a different system there might instead be -multiple single-file editors. -The decision was made primarily because starting a new program in a Blit is -time-consuming. -If the choice could be made freely, however, I would -still choose the multi-file architecture, because it allows -groups of files to be handled as a unit; -the usefulness of the multi-file commands is incontrovertible. -It is delightful to have the source to an entire program -available at your fingertips. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Acknowledgements -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">Tom Cargill suggested the idea behind the -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><tt>Rasp</tt></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -data structure. -Norman Wilson and Ken Thompson influenced the command language. -This paper was improved by comments from -Al Aho, -Jon Bentley, -Chris Fraser, -Gerard Holzmann, -Brian Kernighan, -Ted Kowalski, -Doug McIlroy -and -Dennis Ritchie. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.17in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>REFERENCES -</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 1. R. Pike, -‘The Blit: a multiplexed graphics terminal,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>AT&T Bell Labs. Tech. J., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>63</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(8), -1607-1631 (1984). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 2. L. Johnson, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>MacWrite,</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, Calif. 1983. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 3. B. Lampson, -‘Bravo Manual,’ -in -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Alto User’s Handbook, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">pp. 31-62, -Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, -Palo Alto, Calif. -1979. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 4. W. Teitelman, -‘A tour through Cedar,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>IEEE Software, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>1</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"> -(2), 44-73 (1984). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 5. J. Gutknecht, -‘Concepts of the text editor Lara,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Comm. ACM, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>28</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(9), -942-960 (1985). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 6. Bell Telephone Laboratories, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>UNIX Programmer’s Manual, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1983. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 7. B. W. Kernighan and R. Pike, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>The Unix Programming Environment, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1984. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 8. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Unix Time-Sharing System Programmer’s Manual, Research Version, Ninth Edition, -Volume 1, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 1986. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt"> 9. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Unix Time-Sharing System Programmer’s Manual, 4.1 Berkeley Software Distribution, -Volumes 1 and 2C, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 1981. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">10. R. Pike, -‘Structural Regular Expressions,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Proc. EUUG Spring Conf., Helsinki 1987, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Eur. Unix User’s Group, Buntingford, Herts, UK 1987. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">11. A. Goldberg, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Smalltalk-80 – The Interactive Programming Environment, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1984. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">12. K. Thompson, -‘Regular expression search algorithm,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Comm. ACM, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>11</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(6), -419-422 (1968). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">13. A. V. Aho, J. E. Hopcroft and J. D. Ullman, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1974. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">14. B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>The C Programming Language, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1978. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">15. W. M. Waite, -‘The cost of lexical analysis,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Softw. Pract. Exp., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>16</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(5), -473-488 (1986). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">16. C. W. Fraser, -‘A generalized text editor,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Comm. ACM, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>23</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(3), -154-158 (1980). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">17. R. Pike, -‘Graphics in overlapping bitmap layers,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>ACM Trans. on Graph., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>2</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(2) -135-160 (1983). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">18. L. J. Guibas and J. Stolfi, -‘A language for bitmap manipulation,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>ACM Trans. on Graph., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>1</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(3), -191-214 (1982). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">19. R. Pike, B. Locanthi and J. Reiser, -‘Hardware/software trade-offs for bitmap graphics on the Blit,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Softw. Pract. Exp., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>15</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(2), -131-151 (1985). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">20. T. A. Cargill, -‘The feel of Pi,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Winter USENIX Conference Proceedings, -Denver 1986, -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">62-71, -USENIX Assoc., El Cerrito, CA. -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.05in"></p> -<p style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-left: 1.00in; text-indent: 0.00in; margin-right: 1.00in; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify;"> -<span style="font-size: 10pt">21. G. J. Holzmann, -‘Tracing protocols,’ -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>AT&T Tech. J., -</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>64</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">, -(10), -2413-2434 (1985). -</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.50in"></p> -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/sys/doc/sam/sam.tut.out b/sys/doc/sam/sam.tut.out deleted file mode 100644 index 3bdc36596..000000000 --- a/sys/doc/sam/sam.tut.out +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4863 +0,0 @@ -x T utf -x res 720 1 1 -x init -V0 -p1 -x font 1 R -x font 2 I -x font 3 B -x font 4 BI -x font 5 CW -x font 6 H -x font 7 HI -x font 8 HB -x font 9 S1 -x font 10 S -s10 -f1 -H720 -f3 -s12 -V1230 -h1084cA -wh116ct -40u67t40o60r53i34a60lw64f40o60rw83t40h67ewf5 -83s72a72mwf3 -h102cc -53o60mh100cm -h100ca -60n67dw97l34a60n67g60u67a60g60en150 0 -H720 -f2 -s10 -V1470 -h1978cR -61o50bw75P61i28k44en120 0 -H720 -f1 -V1650 -h1812cB -67e44l28lw53L61a44b50o50r33a44t28o50r33i28e44sn120 0 -H720 -V1770 -h1526cM 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